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Biases, perception, memory, reasoning, and self-monitoring. This page currently lists 7 models.
The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the "anchor") when making decisions or estimates — subsequent judgments adjust from the anchor but rarely far enough.
Judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily an example comes to mind — rather than actual statistical frequency.
The mental discomfort experienced when holding two contradictory beliefs, values, or behaviors simultaneously — driving the mind to resolve the tension by changing one of them.
The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs while ignoring contradicting evidence.
People with low competence in a domain overestimate their ability, while highly competent people underestimate theirs — because the skills needed to evaluate performance are the same skills required to perform.
The halo effect occurs when one positive trait or impression causes people to assume unrelated positive qualities, distorting overall judgment.
Thinking about one's own thinking — the ability to monitor, evaluate, and regulate cognitive processes, leading to more accurate self-assessment and better learning outcomes.